Stonehenge

Stonehenge is a mystical place. Its stone circles are probably more than 4,000 years old. The huge stones come from an area about 30 km north of Stonehenge. The smaller stones possibly are from the Preseli Mountains in Wales, almost 400 km away from Stonehenge.

Nobody knows for sure what the function of Stonehenge was. Maybe it was a druid temple. Maybe it was a sacrificial altar. Maybe it was some kind of observatory.

Grammar on the Text

who / which

Use who for people; for everything else use which.

Decide whether to use who or which.

1. The people whowhich built Stonehenge lived several thousand years ago.
2. The huge stones whowhich are more than 6 metres high weigh about 45 tons.
3. The smaller stones weigh about 4 tons and are from an area in Wales whowhich is 400 kilometres away from Stonehenge.
4. As Stonehenge lies in a large field, tourists whowhich come to this place can already see the stones from a distance.
5. Everybody whowhich has visited Stonehenge says that it is very impressive.

Simple Past vs Past Perfect Simple

Form

Simple Past	Past Perfect Simple
2nd column of irregular verbs Example: I spoke	had + 3rd column of irregular verbs Example: I had spoken
regular verbs: infinitive + ed Example: I worked	regular verbs: form of have + infinitive + ed Example: I had worked

Exercise 1

Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Perfect).

1. When my alarm clock (ring)  in the morning, it (be)  half past five.
2. After I (switch)  the alarm clock off, I (turn)  around and (fall)  asleep again.
3. After an hour I (wake)  up again.
4. When I (look)  at the alarm clock, I (get)  a fright - I (oversleep) .
5. When I (come)  into the kitchen, I (brush / already)  my teeth.
6. When I (take / just)  a few bites from my sandwich, I (hurry)  to get dressed.
7. I (rush)  out of the house before I (finish)  my breakfast.
8. When I (reach)  the bus stop, the bus (leave / already) .
9. So I (start)  to run.
10. I (run)  about 1 km before I finally (catch)  a taxi.
11. I (arrive)  at the station just a few minutes before my train (depart) .

Present Perfect Simple – Present Perfect Progressive

Form

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs Example: I / you / we / they have spoken he / she / it has spoken regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed Example: I / you / we / they have worked he / she / it has worked	form of 'have' + been + verb + ing   Example: I / you / we / they have been speaking he / she / it has been speaking

Result or duration?

Do you want to express what has happened so far or how long an action has been going on yet?

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
Result (what / how much / how often) I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice.	Duration (how long) I have been writing for an hour.

Certain verbs

The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the progressive form).

• state: be, have (for possession only)
  Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks.
• senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
  Example: He has touched the painting.
• brain work: believe, know, think, understand
  Example: I have known him for 3 years.

  Exercise 1

  Put the verbs into the correct tense (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).
  1. A: (you / play / ever)  tennis?
  2. B: I (play / only)  tennis once or twice. And you?
  3. A: I (learn)  tennis for two years.
  4. B: (you / take)  part in any competitions yet?
  5. A: I (participate)  in four contests this year.
  6. B: (you / win)  any prizes so far?
  7. A: No, I (win / not)  anything yet. I'm not that good yet. (you / enter / ever)  a contest?
  8. B: I (swim)  for seven years and I (receive / already)  some trophies.
  
  
  
  

  Exercise 2

  Use the verbs in Present Perfect Progressive, if possible. If it is not possible, use the Present Perfect Simple.
  1. We (know)  them for 15 years.
  2. They (watch)  TV for 3 hours.
  3. He (have)  this car for 20 years.
  4. We (work)  for 7 hours without a break.
  5. How long (you / learn)  English?
  6. Mr Smith (be)  in hospital for 5 days.
  7. Steven (hear)  a mouse squeak all night.
  8. (you / see)  Brona?
  9. She (prepare)  dinner for two hours.
  10. Don't worry, they (touch / not)  your gameboy.

Present Perfect Progressive

Form of Present Perfect Progressive

	Positive	Negative	Question
I / you / we / they	I have been speaking.	I have not been speaking.	Have I been speaking?
he / she / it	He has been speaking.	He has not been speaking.	Has he been speaking?

Signal Words of Present Perfect Progressive

• all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week

Test your knowledge on the Present Perfect Progressive. After submitting your answers, you will see how well you have done in the test.

Test

Write the ing-form of the following verbs.

1. cry → 
2. prepare → 
3. lie → 
4. win → 
5. dial → 

Choose the correct form: have or has and since or for.

1. Emma havehas been learning English sincefor five years.
2. My friends havehas been living here sincefor 2003.
3. I havehas been waiting for Danny sincefor 20 minutes.
4. Ross and Gavin havehas been travelling around Australia sincefor six weeks.
5. Carol havehas been exercising in the gym sincefor 2 o'clock.

Write sentences in present perfect progressive.

1. Kevin / read → 
2. you / TV / watch / all day → 
3. Paul / to the radio / listen / not → 
4. the men / cards / play → 
5. the girls / cycle / not → 

Write questions in present perfect progressive.

1. Carol / shout → 
2. you / dance → 
3. Kevin / run → 
4. they / on the phone / talk / how long → 
5. these books / lie / on the floor / how long → 

Pst Simple vs Present Perfect

Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
irregular verbs: see 2nd column of irregular verbs Example: I spoke	irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs Example: I / you / we / they have spoken he / she / it has spoken
regular verbs: infinitive + ed Example: I worked	regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed Example: I / you / we / they have worked he / she / it has worked

Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
certain time in the past Example: I phoned Mary 2 minutes ago.	just / already / not yet Example: I have just phoned Mary.

Certain event in the past or how often so far?

Do you want to express when a certain action took place or whether / how often an action has happened till now?

Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
certain event in the past Example: He went to Canada last summer.	whether / how often till now Example: Have you ever been to Canada? / I have been to Canada twice.

Emphasis on action or result?

Do you just want to express what happened in the past? Or do you want to emphasise the result (a past action's consequence in the present)?

Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
Emphasis on action Example: I bought a new bike. (just telling what I did in the past.)	Emphasis on result Example: I have bought a new bike. (With this sentence I actually want to express that I have a new bike now.)

Signal Words

Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
yesterday ... ago in 1990 the other day last ...	just already up to now until now / till now ever (not) yet so far lately / recently

Simple Past or Present Perfect Simple

Exercise 1

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).

1. A: (you / play / already)  the new computer game?
2. B: No, not yet. I only (buy)  it yesterday and I (have / not)  the time yet.
3. A: (you / go)  to the cinema last night?
4. B: Yes. I (be)  there with Sue and Louis. (you / be)  to the cinema recently?
5. A: I last (go)  to the cinema two weeks ago.
6. B: So you (see / not)  the new action film yet.
7. A: No, unfortunately not. (you / enjoy)  it?
8. B: Oh, I really (love)  it. But Sue (like / not)  it - too much action!
9. A: But why (you / take)  her with you? She (tell)  me last week that she (hate)  action films.
10. B: I think she has an eye on Louis. She (try)  to flirt with him all the time. So he (can / concentrate / not)  on the film.

Exercise 2

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).

1. I (just / finish)  my homework.
2. Mary (already / write)  five letters.
3. Tom (move)  to this town in 1994.
4. My friend (be)  in Canada two years ago.
5. I (not / be)  to Canada so far.
6. But I (already / travel)  to London a couple of times.
7. Last week, Mary and Paul (go)  to the cinema.
8. I can't take any pictures because I (not / buy)  a new film yet.
9. (they / spend)  their holiday in New Zealand last summer?
10. (you / ever / see)  a whale?

Wonderland

One day Alice came to a fork in the road and saw a Cheshire cat in a tree. ''Which road do I take?'' she asked. ''where do you want to go?'' was his response. ''I don't know,'' Alice answered. ''then,'' said the cat, ''it doesn't matter.''                                                                                          from Alice In Wonderland by Lewis Carroll

Present Perfect Tense II

Simple Present Perfect - Sentences - Exercise 1

Put in the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Use Present Perfect. Mind the signal words (if given). Example: I ______________ a new T-shirt. (just/to buy) Answer: I have just bought a new T-shirt. 1) The students  a flight to Vienna. (to book) 2) The cat  a mouse. (just/to catch) 3) Jack and Brian  this picture. (to draw) 4) He  his friends. (already/to invite) 5) Julia  a table with three columns. (to make) 6) My friends  the Geography test. (to pass) 7) I  the rabbits. (just/to feed) 8) The baby hedgehogs  the water. They are sleeping now. (to drink) 9) The teacher  the keys, so he can't open the door. (to lose) 10) We  the worksheets. (already/to download)

Exercise 2

Choose the correct time expression used with the present perfect tense.1. We have lived in this city ………………………… fifteen years. (since / for)
2. She has not ……………………. returned from school. (yet / just)
3. Jane has ………………………. gone out. (just / yet)
4. You have not returned my money ………………………. (already / yet)
5. James has …………………….. arrived in London. (already / yet)
6. I have …………………….. had a call from your mother. (yet / just)
7. She has worked with me ……………………… 2008. (since / for)
8. I haven’t seen him ……………………. two weeks. (since / for)
9. How …………………….. have you known him? (long / much)
10. I have ……………………. completed my homework. (already / yet)